Part Second: Private Document

Article 150

An ordinary deed is a deed with a private signature and is presumed to be issued by whoever signed it unless they expressly deny the handwriting, signature, or thumbprint attributed to them, if they deny knowledge of the signature. However, an heir or successor need not deny.

Article 151

1. Whoever objects to it through an ordinary document and discusses its subject matter, shall not be permitted to deny the handwriting, signature, or fingerprint.

Article 152

In reciprocal contracts, the original copies must be multiplied to the number of parties with conflicting interests, unless they agree to deposit a single copy with a third party they choose. If this rule is not observed, the document shall only be considered as a private written evidence of the existence of the contract.

Article 153

In contravention of the provisions of Article 363 of the Law of Obligations and Contracts, it is not required that the instrument containing a unilateral undertaking include the phrase "valid for a period". The amount written in letters shall prevail in evidence over the amount written in numbers, unless the contrary is proven.

Article 154

If an ordinary deed is acknowledged by the party who issued it, or if a judgment establishes the authenticity of their signature or thumbprint on it, the deed becomes binding on all parties. However, it is not binding on third parties regarding its date except from the time such date is established. An ordinary deed has a confirmed date

Article 155

1. Invisible documents refer to the amendment of an official or ordinary document that only produces an effect between the contracting parties and their general successors.

Article 156

It is permissible for the creditors of the contractors and their special heirs, for whom a fictitious document was created fraudulently to harm them, to prove its fictitiousness by all means of proof.

Article 157

A deed confirming a previous deed is evidence for the party relying on it unless the other party proves its invalidity by producing the original deed or another written document whose authenticity is established.