Paragraph Second: Effects of Solidarity

Article 23

There is joint obligation among debtors when several debtors are bound by a single debt and each must be considered, in relations with the creditor, as a debtor of the entire debt. This is then called "solidarity of debtors." However, solidarity does not prevent the division of the debt among the heirs of the joint debtor.

Article 24

Article 24 - Solidarity between debtors is not presumed. It must result formally from the constitutive title of the obligation, the law, or the nature of the matter. However, solidarity is by right in obligations contracted between merchants for commercial purposes if the contrary does not result from the constitutive title of the obligation or the law.

Article 42

Article 42 - Solidarity may cease when the creditor is given release.

Article 43

Art. 43 - The waiver of solidarity may be general and common to all co-debtors, or special and personal to one or some of them. In the case of a waiver common to all co-debtors, the obligation is divided among them, like a simply joint obligation. In the case of a personal waiver to one or some of the co-debtors, the creditor, who can only demand their share from the co-debtors to whom he has granted this waiver, may pursue the other co-debtors solidarily, up to the full amount of the debt.