Title Second: Obligations Involving Multiple Persons (Plurality of Creditors or Debtors)

Article 2

Article 2: The civil obligation is that which can be enforced by the creditor against the debtor. A natural obligation is a legal duty whose fulfillment cannot be demanded, but whose voluntary execution has the same value and produces the same effects as that of a civil obligation.

Article 3

Art. 3 - In the event of legislative silence, it is for the judge to assess whether a moral duty constitutes a natural obligation. There can be no natural obligation that runs counter to a public policy rule.

Article 4

Article 4 - A performance made knowingly to fulfill a natural obligation cannot be repeated; it does not constitute an act of generosity, but has the value of payment.

Article 5

Article 5 - A natural obligation does not extinguish by virtue of compensation.

Article 6

Article 6 - The recognition, even express, of a natural obligation does not have the effect of transforming it into a civil obligation; such a transformation can only result from a novation.

Article 7

Article 7 - A natural debt cannot be secured, as long as it retains this character, by the intervention of a security, personal or real.

Article 8

Article 8 - The undertakings given to ensure the performance of a natural obligation are subject, as regards form and substance, to the provisions applicable to acts for valuable consideration.